Prevalence, risk factors and interventions to prevent violence against adolescents and youths in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

BackgroundViolence is a pervasive human rights issue with public health consequences affecting adolescents and young people. This review aimed to describe the scope of existing research on the prevalence of violence and risk factors as well as intervention programmes targeted at adolescents and youths in Sub-Saharan Africa.MethodAn eleven-year search from 2014 to 2024 was conducted for peer-reviewed research articles, irrespective of their quality, on the prevalence of violence and risk factors as well as interventions on the types of violence against adolescents and youths in all SSA countries using PubMed, Google Scholar, Google search, African Index Medicus and direct searches of reference list of pertinent journal articles. Publications in English or translated to English were included. The methodological framework was described by Arksey and O'Malley and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines was used to describe the review.ResultHundred and three studies were identified across 33 out of the 46 Sub-Saharan African countries with the majority of articles emanating from Ethiopia. The prevalence studies consisted of 71 articles, sexual coercion was reported in 52 articles with a moderate number of studies focusing on physical or corporal punishment (21) and emotional violence (27). Also, the male gender was grossly understudied in the various forms of violence. The primary interventions on violence were categorized using the socio-ecological framework and the least implemented intervention based on peer-reviewed articles was at the policy level. The effectiveness of the interventions was reported in some studies while others noted no significant reduction in violence.ConclusionThe findings show there is a modest volume of peer-reviewed articles on prevalence of violence mostly in the dimension of sexual violence. Also, the interventions that addressed the policy level are limited and scale-up of focus on the level is imperative in SSA.