Deep orbital puncture of the superior ophthalmic vein for embolization of indirect carotid-cavernous fistula: a case report, technical note and review of the current literature

PurposeCarotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal connections between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus, often causing ocular symptoms like chemosis, proptosis, and diplopia. Endovascular embolization is the preferred treatment, typically performed via the transfemoral transvenous route through the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS). However, we present a case and a systematic review of indirect CCF treated through deep orbital puncture of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) for embolization.MethodsWe systematically revised the current literature on PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, based on PRISMA guideline, concerning the deep orbital puncture of the SOV for embolization of indirect CCFs.ResultsOur systematic review identified only eight eligible studies encompassing 17 patients, ranging in age from 34 to 82 years, underscoring the rarity of this specific approach. The most frequently used trajectory directed the needle along the floor of the orbit towards the superior orbital fissure or orbital apex, and a variety of embolization materials were used in the studies. While the technique has been mentioned in the literature, our analysis indicates that it remains infrequently reported, with many cases lacking consistent procedural details. Furthermore, we present a case of a 63-year-old woman with imaging suggesting a CCF and compatible symptoms. A transorbital puncture of the SOV was performed. Embolization was successfully achieved with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. The follow-up confirmed the resolution of the CCF without new neurological deficits and no new symptoms.ConclusionThis case highlights transorbital SOV puncture as a feasible and minimally invasive alternative for treating CCFs when conventional access is unsuccessful.