Antibiotic resistant bacteria colonising microplastics in the aquatic environment: An emerging challenge

Microplastics are present in every environment and serve as a substratum for the adherence of microbes which ultimately leads to the formation of biofilms. Microplastics are the major substratum for facilitating the formation of biofilms, where due to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) the colonising bacteria can exchange the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Currently, the spread of ARGs through microplastics is getting research attention. The widespread use of plastics and antibiotics and their mismanagement are leading to the spread of ARGs especially in the aquatic environments. Antibiotic resistance associated with microplastics is a serious emerging threat to both the environment and human health. Further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of how these pollutants interact with the environment. Additionally, finding effective management systems is crucial to reduce the associated risks. This review article focuses on how these antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) interact with the microplastics present in the environment, especially in the aquatic environment; and how their ingestion, especially through seafood or contaminated water, leads to the transfer of ARB to humans, causing potential health risks.