Monitoring and risk assessment for pesticide residues in vegetables, soil, and water in Haryana, India

The present study was conducted with the aim to identify estimates and risk assessment for the pesticide residue present in vegetables, soil, and water in Haryana, India. In the present study, environmental monitoring of commonly sprayed 161 pesticides was done using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for 102 vegetables, 46 soil, and 50 water samples collected from four districts in Haryana, India. A total of 198 samples were analyzed for the presence of pesticide residue and the measured pesticide concentrations were compared with the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) set by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and European regulations. The pesticide residues were detected in 31 vegetable samples (30.39%), 44 soil samples (95.65%), and 34 water samples (68.0%). Chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, pendimethalin, and butachlor were the most frequently detected pesticides. The health risk indices (HRI) for triazophos and chlorpyrifos pesticides in vegetable samples ranged from 1.16 to 2.76 mg/kg that can cause significant health concerns. The present study can provide valuable insights and awareness for policymakers, authorities, farmers, and consumers. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.