Load Frequency Control Analysis of Cyber-Physical Power System with Denial-of-Service Attack in Deregulated Power Markets

In the wake of the increasing integration of cyber-physical systems within power grids, ensuring the security and stability of these systems has become paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive security analysis of cyber-physical power systems (CPPS) employed for frequency control in deregulated power markets. In the era of evolving power grids, characterized by increasing renewable energy penetration and market deregulation, maintaining frequency stability becomes a critical challenge. To address this challenge, this study investigates the synergistic utilization of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) device and Redox Flow Battery (RFB), to enhance the frequency control performance. A realistic two-area CPPS is considered where a cascaded Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative-Fractional Integral (FOPID-FI) controller has been implemented for frequency control in both areas. Our analysis delves into the vulnerabilities inherent in CPPS, considering potential cyber threats and their impact on frequency control mechanisms. By employing a systematic approach, we identify critical points of vulnerability in the system architecture and propose countermeasures to mitigate cyber threats effectively. We include extensive simulation results to validate the efficacy of the proposed work by analyzing the performance of the system from vital perspective viz., sensitivity, scalability, robustness, stable, and resilient.