Therapeutic applications of miRNA in the management of obesity and osteoporosis

Obesity and osteoporosis are interrelated global health challenges, both characterized by dysregulated bone metabolism and adipose tissue dynamics, contributing to increased fracture risk and systemic complications. Emerging evidence underscores the pivotal role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as regulatory molecules governing the intricate balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis, thereby providing a molecular link between these two conditions. Both disorders are characterized by intricate alterations in bone metabolism and adipose tissue dynamics, which increase the risk of fractures and systemic complications. Recent advancements in molecular biology have identified miRNAs as crucial regulators of these disorders, influencing the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and adipocytes (fat-storing cells). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the dual role of miRNAs in modulating osteogenesis and adipogenesis, with a particular focus on their implications in disease progression and therapeutic strategies. It first explores how specific miRNAs regulate critical energy metabolism, inflammation, and bone remodeling pathways. By integrating insights from molecular biology, endocrinology, and clinical practice, the review highlights the therapeutic potential of miRNA-based interventions. Targeting specific miRNAs could restore the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis, offering innovative approaches to simultaneously address obesity and osteoporosis. These proposed strategies hold promise for improving patient outcomes by mitigating fracture risk, enhancing bone density, and addressing metabolic dysfunctions associated with obesity. Ultimately, future research should focus on translating these molecular insights into clinical applications to develop effective therapies that tackle the complex interplay between these prevalent conditions.