Graphene-based SERS-active substrates for environmental detection: nanoarchitectonics and applications

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has become a powerful tool for detecting various analytes, due to its extremely high sensitivity and identification capability. The introduction of graphene not only overcomes some inherent drawbacks of SERS but also exhibits good synergistic effects compared to traditional noble metal nanoparticle-enhanced substrates, thereby significantly improving the sensing performance of SERS and expanding its application field. In this work, the preparation, detection technology, and application progress of SERS substrates in environmental detection are mainly summarized for understanding the advancements in graphene-based SERS substrates. SERS detection technology such as molecular labeling, immunochromatography, microfluidics, molecularly imprinted polymers, and colorimetry is introduced, and the advantages and limitations of the technology are discussed. The focus is on summarizing the application of SERS in environmental detection, such as in the detection of pesticides, metal ions, and organic compounds. Our work will help to deeply understand the principles, advantages, and challenges of using SERS-active substrates for environmental detection. At the same time, it provides a reference for optimizing environmental detection technology, promoting their widespread applications, and improving detection accuracy.