Empowering grid intelligence: a comprehensive review on optimal placement and diverse applications of synchronized phasor measurement units in modern power systems

Deregulation has allowed for more effective power generation, technical advancements, and eventually reduced retail pricing, which has caused the electric power business to go through a number of changes in recent decades. In this context, the development of sustainable instruments for the supervision and management of power networks has become a crescively pressing necessity due to the presence of dynamic phenomena inside such systems. The state estimator is an excellent instrument that can be used for the careful monitoring of the circumstances of their operations. The conventional estimators make use of measurements taken in real-time by means of a SCADA system. Remote terminal units (RTUs), which are often deployed in high-voltage substations, are the devices that are responsible for providing these measurements. Because of the technological challenges that are related to the synchronization of measurements at RTUs, it is impracticable to supervise the bus voltages phase angles in a comprehensive manner. The global positioning system (GPS), which also helped contribute to the development of phasor measurement units (PMUs), made it more simpler and less time-consuming to deal with these difficulties. The voltage and current phasor quantification may be obtained with a high level of accuracy using a PMU unit that is fitted with a GPS receiver. These measurements are made in relation to a standard reference phase angle. An introduction to the PMU technology and a discussion on how PMUs should ideally be distributed across a power network is offered in the initial section of this research study. There is a focus on the most important problems with the implementation and functioning of PMUs, and there is also an inquiry into commercialization penetration in the power markets. In the succeeding section of the study, a broad variety of approaches relating to the selection of the judicious placement of PMUs are presented, along with an algorithmic process for determining the optimum set of PMUs that are necessary for complete observability.