Oviduct epithelial spheroids during in vitro culture of bovine embryos mitigate oxidative stress, improve blastocyst quality and change the embryonic transcriptome

Background In vitro embryo production is increasingly used for genetic improvement in cattle but bypasses the oviduct environment and exposes the embryos to oxidative stress with deleterious effects on further development. Here we aimed to examine the effect of oviduct epithelial spheroids (OES) on embryo development and quality in terms of morphology and gene expression during two co-culture times (4 days: up to embryonic genome activation at 8-16 cell stage vs. 7 days: up to blastocyst stage) and under two oxygen levels (5% vs. 20%). Methods Bovine presumptive zygotes produced by in vitro fertilization (day 0) using in-vitro matured oocytes were cultured in droplets of synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium with or without (controls) OES for 4 or 7 days under 5% or 20% oxygen (4 treated and 2 control groups). Cleavage rates were evaluated on day 2 and blastocyst rates on days 7-8. Expanded blastocysts on days 7-8 were evaluated for total cell numbers and gene expression analysis by RNA-sequencing. Results Under 20% oxygen, blastocyst rates and total cell numbers were significantly higher in the presence of OES for 4 and 7 days compared to controls (P < 0.05), with no difference according to the co-culture time. Under 5% oxygen, the presence of OES did not affect blastocyst rates but increased the number of cells per blastocyst after 7 days of co-culture (P < 0.05). Both oxygen level and OES co-culture had a significant impact on the embryonic transcriptome. The highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was identified after 7 days of co-culture under 20% oxygen. DEGs were involved in a wide range of functions, including lipid metabolism, membrane organization, response to external signals, early embryo development, and transport of small molecules among the most significantly impacted. Conclusion OES had beneficial effects on embryo development and quality under both 5% and 20% oxygen, mitigating oxidative stress. Stronger effects on embryo quality and transcriptome were obtained after 7 than 4 days of co-culture. This study shows the impact of OES on embryo development and reveals potential molecular targets of OES-embryo dialog involved in response to stress and early embryonic development.