Assessment of eco-environmental vulnerability, sustainability, and alignment with sustainable development goals in the Chambal River Basin, India

Eco-environmental vulnerability reflects how sensitive an ecosystem is to external disturbances. The semi-arid Chambal River Basin plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, making its sustainability essential. This study analyzes spatiotemporal variations in the Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Index (EEVI) from 2000 to 2023 using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Key factors such as elevation, slope, vegetation, rainfall, temperature, moisture, water index, and urbanization were assessed. Findings show that extreme vulnerability peaked at 32.90% in 2010 before declining to 30.99% by 2023. Severe vulnerability followed a similar trend, dropping from 36.01% to 27.72%. Meanwhile, mild and slight vulnerability increased, indicating shifting environmental conditions. These results highlight the need to address both human and natural influences to maintain ecological stability. The study provides insights for sustainable watershed management and environmental resilience, supporting long-term ecological balance and sustainability goals.