Development of cellulose-based superabsorbent polymers: a review

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are three-dimensional crosslinked hydrophilic polymers, that can absorb and retain liquids up to hundreds of times their weight. These polymers have diverse applications across various fields, including agriculture, biomedicine, separation technologies, and wastewater treatment. Among these cellulose-based SAPs are prominent due to their biodegradable nature, sustainability, biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, and natural abundance. The development of SAPs has evolved significantly since 1961, marked by advancements in polymerization techniques and their integration into numerous aspects of daily life. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the field of cellulose-based superabsorbents, focusing on their polymerization methods, source of cellulose, and diverse applications. Furthermore, it highlights the mechanisms by which different forms of cellulose can enhance liquid absorption capacity and kinetics across various applications. The findings underscore the importance of cellulose-derived SAPs in promoting environmentally sustainable practices while addressing the growing demand for effective water retention solutions in agricultural and industrial contexts.