Soil nutrients and leaf area index interact with species and structural diversity to buffer mangrove productivity against salinity

center dot The comparative roles of species and structural diversity in mitigating the impacts of salinity were evaluated. center dot Greater diversity contributes to mitigating salinity impacts by interacting with nutrients and leaf functional trait. center dot Nutrients and leaf functional trait (leaf area) significantly influenced the effects of salinity on mangrove growth. center dot Future growth models should incorporate functional traits and nutrient availability to improve predictions of mangrove growth under saline conditions. Mangroves show a biogenic response to adjust sea-level rise by accumulating sediment and carbon (vertical soil accretion), reshaping their structure and composition to minimize the effects. Additionally, the often-overlooked factors of soil nutrient availability, functional traits, and stand structure can alter the mangrove diversity-salinity-productivity link. However, how these multiple drivers interplay to maintain growth against salinity still needs to be better understood. Considering all these, we answered two questions: (QI) How do species diversity and structural heterogeneity modulate growth vs. salinity relationships? (QII) To what extent can structural heterogeneity and species diversity create optimal conditions by minimizing the adverse effects of salinity while concurrently maximizing forest growth? To comprehensively understand the interplay between structural and species diversity, nutrient availability, functional traits, and rising salinity, we examined a dataset from 60 permanent plots established in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh. Our results indicated that species diversity less directly contributed to forest growth than structural heterogeneity, nutrient availability (N, P, and K), and leaf area index. While forest structural and species diversity alone is unlikely to optimize growth, incorporating nutrients into the models showed a slight improvement in buffering against salinity. However, when nutrients were combined with the leaf area index, the models indicated a much stronger enhancement in the forest's resilience to salinity through interactions with these factors, allowing continued growth. In conclusion, our study highlights the relative contributions of species and structural diversity to mangrove growth under stress and the potential roles of nutrients and functional traits. These findings are valuable for forest growth modelling, informing conservation and management strategies for mangroves, particularly in coastal plantations facing environmental changes.