Sleep disorders in children: classification, evaluation, and management. A review

Sleep is essential for the cognitive, emotional, and physical development of children. Common sleep problems occur in 20-30% of children and are often resolved by improved sleep hygiene. Sleep disorders are more severe conditions, e.g., insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and circadian rhythm disturbances. If left untreated, these can have significant long-term consequences, including impaired cognitive function, increased risk of psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression, and higher risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases. To prevent these complications, timely recognition and management is essential. In this paper, we address the medical perspectives of common sleep disturbances in children, focusing on their diagnosis and treatment. Sleep hygiene education, behavioral interventions, and ambient adaptations are first-line interventions for managing all sleep disturbances in children. In cases where behavioral approaches are insufficient, other (non-)pharmacological options are discussed, with a focus on their efficacy and safety in children. Conclusions: Finally, potential long-term consequences and directions for future research are discussed that may improve sleep-related health and well-being.