Virtual and augmented reality to develop empathy: a systematic literature review

Recent research suggests that Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) as immersive technologies are effective in developing empathy. The main reason behind this assumption is that immersive technologies allow people to experience perspective-taking. However, there is a lack of systematic literature reviews that summarize the current state of research on VR and AR to elicit empathy. This paper reports a systematic literature review of 37 academic papers published between 2007 and 2023. The following categories were analyzed in this review: field of education, data collection instruments, sample size, statistically significant results, technologies used, research design, advantages, limitations, and future research. The main findings of this review provide an overview of the current state of research on immersive technologies to elicit empathy and the future challenges in this field. Some of the main findings involve: VR/AR immersion devices are effective and appealing to participants; the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was found to be the most relevant self-report measure; and larger sample sizes (over 100 participants) are vital in VR/AR-based empathy research to provide a quantitative perspective on participants distribution. © The Author(s) 2024.