A splicing isoform of PD-1 promotes tumor progression as a potential immune checkpoint

The immune checkpoint receptor, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1, encoded by PDCD1), mediates the immune escape of cancer, but whether PD-1 splicing isoforms contribute to this process is still unclear. Here, we identify an alternative splicing isoform of human PD-1, which carries a 28-base pairs extension retained from 5 ' region of intron 2 (PD-1<^>28), is expressed in peripheral T cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. PD-1<^>28 expression is induced on T cells upon activation and is regulated by an RNA binding protein, TAF15. Functionally, PD-1<^>28 inhibits T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and tumor cell killing in vitro. In vivo, T cell-specific exogenous expression of PD-1<^>28 promotes tumor growth in both a syngeneic mouse tumor model and humanized NOG mice inoculated with human lung cancer cells. Our study thus demonstrates that PD-1<^>28 functions as an immune checkpoint, and may contribute to resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Whether PD-1 splicing isoforms impact T cell anti-tumor capacity has not been fully illustrated. Here the authors identify a human PD-1 isoform, PD-1<^>28, which functions to suppress anti-cancer immunity in vitro and in both syngeneic and humanized mouse tumor models.