Imaging shapes of atomic nuclei in high-energy nuclear collisions

被引：24

作者：

Abdulhamid, M. I. ^{[1
]}

Aboona, B. E. ^{[2
]}

Adam, J. ^{[3
]}

Adams, J. R. ^{[4
]}

Agakishiev, G. ^{[5
]}

Aggarwal, I. ^{[6
]}

Aggarwal, M. M. ^{[6
]}

Ahammed, Z. ^{[7
]}

Aitbaev, A. ^{[5
,25
]}

Alekseev, I. ^{[8
,9
]}

Alpatov, E. ^{[9
]}

Aparin, A. ^{[5
]}

Aslam, S. ^{[10
]}

Atchison, J. ^{[11
]}

Averichev, G. S. ^{[5
]}

Bairathi, V. ^{[12
]}

Cap, J. G. Ball ^{[13
]}

Barish, K. ^{[14
]}

Bhagat, P. ^{[15
]}

Bhasin, A. ^{[15
]}

Bhatta, S. ^{[16
]}

Bhosale, S. R. ^{[17
]}

Bordyuzhin, I. G. ^{[8
]}

Brandenburg, J. D. ^{[4
]}

Brandin, A. V. ^{[9
]}

Broodo, C. ^{[13
]}

Cai, X. Z. ^{[18
]}

Caines, H. ^{[19
]}

Sanchez, M. Calderon de la Barca ^{[20
]}

Cebra, D. ^{[20
]}

Ceska, J. ^{[3
]}

Chakaberia, I. ^{[21
]}

Chan, B. K. ^{[22
]}

Chang, Z. ^{[23
]}

Chatterjee, A. ^{[24
]}

Chen, D. ^{[14
]}

Chen, J. ^{[25
]}

Chen, J. H. ^{[26
]}

Chen, Z. ^{[25
]}

Cheng, J. ^{[27
]}

Cheng, Y. ^{[22
]}

Christie, W. ^{[28
]}

Chu, X. ^{[28
]}

Crawford, H. J. ^{[29
]}

Csanad, M. ^{[17
]}

Dale-Gau, G. ^{[30
]}

Das, A. ^{[3
]}

Dedovich, T. G. ^{[5
]}

Deppner, I. M. ^{[31
]}

Derevschikov, A. A. ^{[32
]}

机构：

[1] Amer Univ Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt

[2] Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA

[3] Czech Tech Univ, Prague, Czech Republic

[4] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[5] Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna, Russia

[6] Panjab Univ, Chandigarh, India

[7] Variable Energy Cyclotron Ctr, Kolkata, India

[8] Alikhanov Inst Theoret & Expt Phys NRC, Kurchatov Inst, Moscow, Russia

[9] Natl Res Nucl Univ MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

[10] Indian Inst Technol, Patna, Bihar, India

[11] Abilene Christian Univ, Abilene, TX 79699 USA

[12] Univ Tarapaca, Inst Alta Invest, Arica, Chile

[13] Univ Houston, Houston, TX USA

[14] Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA

[15] Univ Jammu, Jammu, India

[16] SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA

[17] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Budapest, Hungary

[18] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai, Peoples R China

[19] Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA

[20] Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA

[21] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA USA

[22] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA

[23] Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA

[24] Natl Inst Technol Durgapur, Durgapur, India

[25] Shandong Univ, Qingdao, Peoples R China

[26] Fudan Univ, Shanghai, Peoples R China

[27] Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China

[28] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA

[29] Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[30] Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA

[31] Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg, Germany

[32] Inst High Energy Phys, NRC Kurchatov Inst, Protvino, Russia

[33] Indian Inst Sci Educ & Res, Berhampur, India

[34] Kent State Univ, Kent, OH 44242 USA

[35] Rice Univ, Houston, TX USA

[36] Univ Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

[37] Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA

[38] Univ Calabria, Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy

[39] INFN Cosenza, Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy

[40] Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Tainan, Taiwan

[41] Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA

[42] Southern Connecticut State Univ, New Haven, CT USA

[43] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou, Peoples R China

[44] Temple Univ, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA

[45] Valparaiso Univ, Valparaiso, IN 46383 USA

[46] Indian Inst Sci Educ & Res, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

[47] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China

[48] Cent China Normal Univ, Wuhan, Peoples R China

[49] Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei, Peoples R China

[50] Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA

来源：

NATURE | 2024年 / 635卷 / 8037期

基金：

中国国家自然科学基金; 美国国家科学基金会; 日本学术振兴会; 新加坡国家研究基金会;

关键词：

STATE;

D O I：

10.1038/s41586-024-08097-2

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Atomic nuclei are self-organized, many-body quantum systems bound by strong nuclear forces within femtometre-scale space. These complex systems manifest a variety of shapes(1-3), traditionally explored using non-invasive spectroscopic techniques at low energies(4,5). However, at these energies, their instantaneous shapes are obscured by long-timescale quantum fluctuations, making direct observation challenging. Here we introduce the collective-flow-assisted nuclear shape-imaging method, which images the nuclear global shape by colliding them at ultrarelativistic speeds and analysing the collective response of outgoing debris. This technique captures a collision-specific snapshot of the spatial matter distribution within the nuclei, which, through the hydrodynamic expansion, imprints patterns on the particle momentum distribution observed in detectors(6,7). We benchmark this method in collisions of ground-state uranium-238 nuclei, known for their elongated, axial-symmetric shape. Our findings show a large deformation with a slight deviation from axial symmetry in the nuclear ground state, aligning broadly with previous low-energy experiments. This approach offers a new method for imaging nuclear shapes, enhances our understanding of the initial conditions in high-energy collisions and addresses the important issue of nuclear structure evolution across energy scales.

引用

页码：67 / +

页数：18

共 86 条

[11] The shape of gold [J].