Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of styloid process: a retrospective study of 498 patients with maxillofacial diseases

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the structural characteristics of the styloid process (SP) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination in patients with maxillofacial diseases. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of elongated styloid process (ESP) and its relationship to gender in the study population. Radiographic records of 498 subjects were evaluated retrospectively. Radiological examinations including measurements of the structure, length, volume, and angulations of styloid process were performed on CBCT images. Males had significantly longer styloid process in both sides than females in the study population and a strong positive linear relationship was found between left and right sides' process length (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The mean internal oblique angle of styloid process differed between genders, but there were no statistically significant differences in the mean anterior oblique angle. Out of 498 subjects, 62 (24.13%) females and 101 (41.91%) males had elongated left styloid process (>= 30 mm), while 75 (29.18%) and 90 (37.34%) had right side respectively. Methods Radiographic records of 498 subjects were evaluated retrospectively. Radiological examinations including measurements of the structure, length, volume, and angulations of styloid process were performed on CBCT images. Results Males had significantly longer styloid process in both sides than females in the study population and a strong positive linear relationship was found between left and right sides' process length (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The mean internal oblique angle of styloid process differed between genders, but there were no statistically significant differences in the mean anterior oblique angle. Out of 498 subjects, 62 (24.13%) females and 101 (41.91%) males had elongated left styloid process (>= 30 mm), while 75 (29.18%) and 90 (37.34%) had right side respectively. Conclusions This study presents the CBCT as an alternative method to CT or panoramic radiographs for the measurement and the assessment of the styloid process. Within the study in 498 subjects in China, it was observed that the males, on average, had significantly longer styloid process and narrower internal oblique angle than females either in left or right side. Around 33% of the study population had ESP.