The Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Microparticles in Central Nervous System Disorders: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Potential

Microscopic, membranous vesicles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to play a role in the mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) diseases. EVs are secreted by a variety of cells, including myeloid, endothelial, microglial, oligodendroglial, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Body fluids such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contain microparticles (MPs). The detection of MPs in CSF may indicate genetic or environmental susceptibility to conditions such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. MPs of different origins can exhibit changes in specific biomarkers at various stages of the disease, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological conditions. However, understanding the role and clinical applications of MPs is complicated by challenges such as their isolation and dual roles within the CNS. In this review, we discuss the history, characteristics, and roles of MPs in CNS diseases. We also provide practical insights for future research and highlight the challenges that obscure the therapeutic potential of MPs.