Cisternostomy associated with decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) has been the main surgical treatment of refractory high intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) for decades. Basal cisternostomy emerged as a novel option in brain trauma, with results still unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing cisternostomy added to conventional DC versus DC alone for the treatment of TBI. This study was designed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Three databases were systematically searched for studies comparing cisternostomy + DC versus DC alone. Primary outcomes were overall mortality, length of stay in ICU care, duration of mechanical ventilation. Review Manager was used for statistical analysis and I-2 measured heterogeneity. A total of seven studies and 980 patients were included in this meta-analysis, 473 in the cisternostomy + DC group and 507 in the DC group. Age ranged from 14 to 69 years old, with 76% male patients. Overall mortality was significantly lower in the cisternostomy + DC group (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.53-0.92; p = 0.01; I-2 = 31%). Length of stay in ICU care was significantly reduced in the patients submitted to cisternostomy + DC (OR -4.58; CI -6.78, -2.37); p < 0.0001; I-2 = 35%). The mean duration in mechanical ventilation was significantly lower in the group submitted to cisternostomy + DC (-3.49; 95% CI-6.79, -0.20; p = 0.04; I-2 = 86%). Regarding functional outcomes, the scarce and heterogeneous data were not sufficient to make any conclusion about the effect of cisternostomy on functional outcomes, but tends to favor patients who underwent cisternostomy combined with DC. In this meta-analysis, the implementation of cisternostomy added to conventional DC was associated with lower mortality, days in mechanical ventilation and length of stay in ICU care. Larger prospective and randomized cohorts are necessary to recommend this procedure on a large scale.