Effect of immersion cooling parameters on thermal and electrochemical response of a Li-ion cell

Forced immersion cooling, where a dielectric fluid flows in contact with the cells, is an effective cooling approach for lithium-ion batteries. While previous models demonstrated effectiveness, they generally focused on thermal-fluid aspects and often neglected the coupling between temperature, cell potential, and heat generation (in other words, the electrochemistry remained unaffected by cooling conditions). Here, we use a fully coupled modeling approach that solves the detailed electrochemical model (with temperature-dependent properties) in conjunction with the thermal-fluid transport models at each time step. For an 18650 cell, we compare forced immersion cooling (water and mineral oil) to forced air cooling. Improved temperature control with immersion cooling leads to higher heat generation with increased capacity loss: a 3 K temperature rise corresponds to 10% loss, whereas 42 K temperature rise results in 0.4% loss at 5C discharge. Neglecting two-way coupling prohibits accurate analysis of the effectiveness of immersion cooling. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the fluid most significantly impact the electrochemical and thermal response. Finally, we define a new metric to compare performance with different flow parameters without computationally-expensive numerical simulations. Overall, this study provides insights that will be useful in understanding and design of immersion-cooled battery systems.