Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI radiomics and deep learning models to predict microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study

Background Microvascular invasion (MVI) is an important risk factor for early postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, we developed a novel radiomics model. It combined bi-regional features and two machine learning algorithms. The aim of this study was to validate its potential value for preoperative prediction of MVI. Methods This retrospective study included 304 HCC patients (training cohort, 216 patients; testing cohort, 88 patients) from three hospitals. Intratumoral and peritumoral volumes of interest were delineated in arterial phase, portal venous phase, and hepatobiliary phase images. Conventional radiomics (CR) and deep learning radiomics (DLR) features were extracted based on FeAture Explorer software and the 3D ResNet-18 extractor, respectively. Clinical variables were selected using univariate and multivariate analyses. Clinical, CR, DLR, CR-DLR, and clinical-radiomics (Clin-R) models were built using support vector machines. The predictive capacity of the models was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results The bi-regional CR-DLR model showed more gains and gave better predictive performance than the single-regional models or single-machine learning models. Its AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.844, 76.9%, 87.8%, and 69.1% in the training cohort and 0.740, 73.9%, 50%, and 84.5% in the testing cohort. Alpha-fetoprotein (odds ratio was 0.32) and maximum tumor diameter (odds ratio was 1.270) were independent predictors. The AUCs of the clinical model and the Clin-R model were 0.655 and 0.672, respectively. There was no significant difference in the AUCs between all the models (P > 0.005). Conclusion Based on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI images, we focused on developing a radiomics model that combines bi-regional features and two machine learning algorithms (CR and DLR). The application of the new model will provide a more accurate and non-invasive diagnostic solution for medical imaging. It will provide valuable information for clinical personalized treatment, thereby improving patient prognosis.