Recent advances in 3D printing applications for CNS tumours

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has emerged as a transformative technology in the field of central nervous system (CNS) tumours, offering innovative advancements in various aspects of diagnosis, treatment and education. By precisely replicating the microenvironment of CNS tumours, modelling tumour vascularisation, and capturing genetic heterogeneity, 3DP enables the development of targeted therapies and personalised treatment strategies. The technology has markedly enhanced preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance, providing highly accurate, patient-specific models that improve tumour localisation, facilitate tailored surgical planning, and offer superior visualisation of complex anatomical structures. Furthermore, 3DP has revolutionised education and training for neurosurgeons, trainees, and patients by delivering realistic simulations that enhance surgical skills and decision-making. Despite its transformative potential, the widespread adoption of 3DP faces challenges, including material biocompatibility issues, high costs, and technical limitations. Furthermore, the ethical and regulatory landscape for 3DP in clinical practice requires further development. This review concludes that while 3DP offers significant promise for advancing CNS tumour treatment, ongoing research is essential to address these challenges and optimising its clinical impact.