Lumpy skin disease: a systematic review of mode of transmission, risk of emergence, and risk entry pathways

Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a viral disease of cattle, can be acute, subacute, or inactive. It is distinguished by fever and the abrupt emergence of firm, confined cutaneous nodules that usually necrotize. Similar lesions may occur in the skeletal muscles and the mucosae of the digestive and respiratory tracts. It is an enzootic, rapidly explorative, and sometimes fatal infection, characterized by multiple raised nodules on the skin of infected animals. LSDV has a large genome, it is employed as a vaccine carrier, generating a new complex with other viral genes by homologous recombination. This review summarizes our current knowledge of lumpy skin disease (LSD), its impact on animal health, host-pathogen interaction, etiology, signs or symptoms, prevention, and treatment strategies.