Carbon materials for metal-ion batteries

Metal-ion（Li-, Na-, Zn-, K-, Mg-, and Al-ion） batteries（MIBs） play an important role in realizing the goals of “emission peak and carbon neutralization ” because of their green production techniques, lower pollution, high voltage, and large energy density. Carbon-based materials are indispensable for developing MIBs and are widely adopted as active or auxiliary materials in the anodes and cathodes. For example, carbon-based materials, including graphite, Si/C and hard carbon, have been used as anode materials for Li-and Na-ion batteries. Carbon can also be used as a conductive coating for cathodes, such as in LiFePO4/C, to achieve better performance. In addition, as new high-valence MIBs（Zn-, Al-, and Mg-ion） have emerged, a growing number of novel carbon-based materials have been utilized to construct high-performance MIBs. Herein, we discuss the recent development trends in advanced carbon-based materials for MIBs. The impact of the structure properties of advanced carbon-based materials on energy storage is addressed, and a perspective on their development is also proposed.