Host cytoskeleton and membrane network remodeling in the regulation of viral replication

Viral epidemics pose major threats to global health and economies. A hallmark of viral infection is the reshaping of host cell membranes and cytoskeletons to form organelle-like structures, known as viral factories, which support viral genome replication. Viral infection in many cases induces the cytoskeletal network to form cage-like structures around viral factories, including actin rings, microtubule cages,and intermediate filament cages. Viruses hijack various organelles to create these replication factories,such as viroplasms, spherules, double-membrane vesicles, tubes, and nuclear viral factories. This review specifically examines the roles of cytoskeletal elements and the endomembrane system in material transport, structural support, and biochemical regulation during viral factory formation. Furthermore, we discuss the broader implications of these interactions for viral replication and highlight potential future research directions.