Addressing formaldehyde emissions in wood-based panels: evaluation of production processes, measurement strategies, and novel solutions

Due to their significant environmental and health impacts, formaldehyde emissions (FE) from Wood-Based Panels (WBPs) have been a critical area of study. This review focuses on assessing FE from WBPs, examining production processes, measurement strategies, and exploring novel solutions for emission reduction. A comprehensive overview of WBPs is provided, detailing their production, industrial applications, and the role of formaldehyde-based resins such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) as key sources of emissions. Additionally, alternative bio-based resins and non-formaldehyde adhesives are discussed for their potential to reduce FE. The review also evaluates several international standards and regulations for FE, particularly in Europe, Japan, and the United States, while comparing standard testing methods including the chamber, gas analysis, perforator and desiccator methods. Emerging testing innovations, such as gas-diffusion microextraction and laser absorption spectroscopy, are highlighted for their efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the paper explores current efforts to mitigate FE, including advancements in adhesive formulations, the incorporation of formaldehyde scavengers, and new panel manufacturing technologies, emphasizing the importance of meeting global regulatory standards to improve indoor air quality.