The tail risk of crude oil Price_Based on EPU and geopolitical risk perspective

This study investigates the conditional prediction of crude oil price growth rates as a function of geopolitical risk (GPR) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU), characterizing the extreme tail risk characteristics. Utilizing monthly data on crude oil futures price growth rates from 1997 Jan to 2022 Dec, we employ Quantile Regression and Growth at Risk models to capture the heterogeneous and asymmetric effects of GPR and EPU across different quantiles of the oil price distribution. The sample period covers major geopolitical events, economic recessions, and the emergence of new energy sources, providing a comprehensive view of the factors influencing crude oil market dynamics. The empirical findings reveal significant asymmetries in the forecast density function of crude oil price growth rates, with periodic right-skewed deviations during financial crises and epidemic situations, and prevalent left-skewed deviations during the remaining sample periods. The impact of EPU on crude oil prices is found to be more pronounced in the short to medium term, while the influence of GPR persists over a longer duration, exacerbating the upside risk of price growth. The study highlights the effectiveness of EPU and GPR in capturing the tail characteristics of crude oil price growth, offering valuable risk identification indicators for policymakers and market participants. Furthermore, the analysis uncovers the heterogeneous effects of EPU and GPR across different quantiles of the oil price distribution. The results indicate that the relationship between these uncertainty measures and crude oil prices varies depending on the market conditions and the specific quantile examined. This finding underscores the importance of considering the entire distribution of crude oil prices rather than focusing solely on the conditional mean. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive examination of the role of geopolitical risk and economic policy uncertainty in driving crude oil price dynamics, with a particular focus on tail risks. The findings have important implications for risk management strategies in the energy sector. By employing advanced econometric techniques and considering a wide range of geopolitical and economic factors, this study offers new insights into the complex and evolving nature of crude oil price dynamics. The results highlight the need for policymakers and market participants to consider the asymmetric and heterogeneous effects of uncertainty measures when assessing the risks and opportunities in the crude oil market. © 2024