Clean-up of wastewater discharged from zinc industry through application of zeolite 4A produced from a waste contaminated by lubricant oil components

The zeolite 4 A powders were sustainably derived from clay-based waste contaminated with the spent lubricant oil. Then, the products were used to treat the wastewater discharged from a local zinc industry. The main challenge is removal of toxic organic components from the waste and conversion of obtained precursor to the zeolite structure, simultaneously. The variation in crystallinity was studied as a function of composition, fusion temperature, aging, and recrystallization times. The zinc adsorption was found to be markedly dependent not only on sodium carbonate/waste ratio but also on aluminum hydroxide content. However, pronounced adsorption was observed over the particles fabricated through the fusion at 900 degrees C. The relative crystallinity, similar to 32 %, is crucial for the effective immobilization of heavy metal ions like Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ from the wastewater. This level of crystallinity is achievable with the control of aging and recrystallization times, both in 3 h. The maximal zinc adsorption capacity, similar to 143 mg g(-1), was obtained for the particles with large pores, 48 nm, facilitating the ion diffusion into the adsorbent. On the other hand, the appropriate electrical charge surface expressed based on zeta potential, 43 mV, provided a proper condition for the electrostatic adsorption.