Characterization of Induced Current Density During Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation to Promote Neuroprotection in the Degenerating Retina

Objective: Transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) is a promising approach to delay retinal degeneration by inducing extracellular electric field-driven neuroprotective effects within photoreceptors. Although achieving precise electric field control is feasible in vitro, characterizing these fields becomes intricate and largely unexplored in vivo due to uneven distribution in the heterogeneous body. In this paper, we investigate and characterize electric fields within the retina during TES to assess the potential for therapeutic approaches Methods: We developed a computational model of a rat's head, enabling us to generate predictive simulations of the voltage and current density induced in the retina. Subsequently, an in vivo experimental setup involving Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats was implemented to measure the voltage across the retina using identical electrode configurations as employed in the simulations. Results: A stimulation amplitude of 0.2-0.3 mA may be necessary during TES in rats to induce a current density of at least 20 A/ mm(2) in the retina, which is the lower limit for triggering neuroprotective effects according to culture studies on neural cells. Measurement taken from cadaveric pigs' eyes revealed that a stimulation amplitude of 1 mA is necessary for achieving the same current density. Conclusion: The computational modeling approach presented in this study was validated with experimental data and can be leveraged for predictive simulations to optimize the electrode design and stimulation parameters of TES. Significance: Once validated, the flexibility and low research cost of computational models are valuable in optimization studies where testing on live subjects is not feasible.