Signaling Pathways in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Candidate Drugs Unveiled through Transcriptomic Network Analysis of Hub Genes

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a type of kidney cancer. It advances quickly and often metastasizes, making the prognosis for patients challenging. This study used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to study gene expression data of different stages of ccRCC obtained in the GEO database. The analysis identified three significant highly preserved gene modules across the datasets: GSE53757, GSE22541, GSE66272, and GSE73731. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis using DAVID revealed inflammatory pathways (e.g., NF-kB, Hippo, and HIF-1 pathways) that may drive ccRCC development and progression. The study also introduced the involvement of viral infections associated with the disease in the metabolic reprogramming of ccRCC. A drug repurposing analysis was also conducted to identify potential drug candidates for ccRCC using the upregulated and downregulated hub genes. The top candidates are ziprasidone (dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist) and fentiazac (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Other drug candidates were also obtained, such as phosphodiesterase/DNA methyltransferase/ATM kinase inhibitors, acetylcholine antagonists, and NAD precursors. Overall, the study's findings suggest that identifying several genes and signaling pathways related to ccRCC may uncover new targets, biomarkers, and even drugs that can be repurposed, which can help develop new and effective treatments for the disease.