A comprehensive review on nitrogen-doped carbon dots for antibacterial applications

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) have attracted a lot of focus lately because of their extensive medical applications. Bacterial infections convey a significant risk to global public health and economic stability. N-CDs have become highly appealing antibacterial agents due to their photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and versatile surface characteristics. The present review offers an in-depth assessment of the latest advancements in applying N-CDs for combating bacterial infections. We explore various synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and antibacterial mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on the role of nitrogen doping. Addressing current research challenges, we propose strategies to enhance the antibacterial efficacy of N-CDs. By offering comprehensive insights into synthesis, mechanisms, and applications, this review aims to guide future research in this promising field. Additionally, we provide suggestions to increase the activity of N-CDs against various bacterial pathogens, which pose a severe risk to communal health.