Optimization of 3D multi-UAVs low altitude penetration based on bald eagle search algorithm

In response to the complex three-dimensional space environment and the high computational complexity of low altitude penetration path planning for multi-UAVs, the existing multi-objective bald eagle search algorithm has the shortcomings of easily approaching the center point and low accuracy. A 3D multi-UAVs low altitude penetration method based on the improved multi-objective bald eagle search algorithm (IMBES) was proposed. Models for the 3D environment, threat sources, UAV physical constraints, multi-UAVs cooperative constraints, and path smoothness were constructed to define a multi-objective cost function. A coupling chaotic mapping initialization was designed to enhance the quality of the initial population. An adaptive Gauss walk strategy based on the “scout eagle” was devised to balance development and search capabilities. Fast non-dominated sorting was introduced to further enhance algorithm efficiency. By leveraging the correspondence between the bald eagle position and UAV speed, turning angle, and climbing angle, the IMBES efficiently explored the UAV configuration space to identify the optimal Pareto front. Experimental results showed that the success rate of the IMBES was 70.5%. Compared with existing path planning methods, the proposed method demonstrates strong optimization capabilities and low energy consumption, making it suitable for collaborative low-altitude penetration by multiple UAVs. © 2024 Zhejiang University. All rights reserved.