Health risk assessment of arsenic and lead contamination in drinking water: A study of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan

被引：1
作者：
Azam M.T. [1 ]
Ahmad A. [1 ]
Ahmed A. [1 ]
Khalid A. [2 ]
Saleem S. [3 ]
机构：
[1] Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi
[2] Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi
[3] Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Services Academy Islamabad, Islamabad
来源：
Water Supply | 2024年 / 24卷 / 06期
关键词：
arsenic; drinking water; health risk assessment; lead; quality assessment; spatial analysis;
D O I：
10.2166/ws.2024.135
中图分类号：
学科分类号：
摘要：
The present research study explores the drinking water quality of Rawalpindi and Islamabad to identify the potent dissolved contaminants and carry out a health risk assessment as the study area houses more than 3 million people. A total of 95 drinking water samples were collected from the union councils of the selected study area and analyzed for 12 physicochemical water quality indicators. The collected datasets were interpreted using general statistics, principal component analysis and spatial analysis for knowing the variations among the collected samples. The results revealed that overall 51.57% of the drinking water samples were unsatisfactory for human consumption. The rate of physicochemical contamination was 87.27% in the rural and unauthorized housing societies. Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were the potent contaminants in the drinking water samples. The health risk assessment uncovered that 31.57 and 10.45% of samples had a hazard quotient (HQ) .1 for arsenic and lead, respectively. Collectively, 41 drinking water sources were identified as potential health risk sources for the residents. © 2024 IWA Publishing. All rights reserved.
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页码：2055 / 2065
页数：10
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