A comprehensive review of hybrid low-power energy harvesting thermoelectric generator/phase change material/foam systems and applications

Hybrid low-power energy harvesting systems with the integration of thermoelectric generators, phase change materials and porous metal foams have opened a window of opportunity with promising prospects in the field of energy production. These novel systems have the potential to generate additional electrical power compared to foamless cases, which would result in more efficient utilization of diverse energy sources. A comprehensive study of the mentioned hybrid systems and providing practical strategies for the engineering applications of this technology addresses a significant research gap in this field. Hence, in this study, the basic principles of thermoelectric generator, phase change materials and foams are explained along with the governing equations. Moreover, various structures of hybrid systems were classified and summarized. This review analyses the studies conducted on applying those systems in different scenarios and their compatibility with other energy systems. Key findings indicate that combining porous foam with thermoelectric and phase change material significantly reduces the energy storage duration on the hot side of the thermoelectric module and ensures uniform heat transfer. This integration also serves as an effective heat sink on the cold side, eliminating the need for external cooling mechanisms. The study identifies critical technical and operational challenges and offers insights into future advancements. Recommendations for optimizing phase change material thermal properties and exploring advanced foam structures are presented. The study underscores the potential for these hybrid systems to enhance efficiency and sustainability by integrating with emerging technologies and renewable energy sources, providing a foundation for future research and practical implementation.