Towards 250-m gigabits-per-second underwater wireless optical communication using a low-complexity ANN equalizer

The breakthroughs in communication distance and data rate have been eagerly anticipated by scientists in the area of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC), which is seriously limited by the obvious aquatic attenuation in underwater channels. The high-power laser source and ultra-sensitive photodetector are straightforward in extending the UWOC distance. However, nonlinear impairments caused by bandwidth-limited high-power transmitters and sensitive receivers severely degrade the data rate of long-distance UWOC. In this paper, we develop a UWOC system using a high-power transmitter by beam combining of 8-channel cascaded laser diodes (LD) and a sensitive receiver by a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). The combined linear equalizer and low-complexity artificial neural network (ANN) equalizer are used to robustly achieve 1-Gbps data transmission over a 250-m UWOC system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Gbps-level UWOC experimental demonstration in >250-meter underwater transmission that has ever been reported. To lower the complexity of the ANN equalizer, a linear equalizer is applied first in order to prune the input size of the ANN equalizer. The optimal input size of the ANN equalizer is identified as 9. The ANN architecture consists of two hidden layers, with 10 neurons in the first layer and a single neuron in the second layer. The performance of the proposed ANN-based system is compared with that of systems employing Volterra and linear equalizers. The bit error rate (BER) at a data rate of 1 Gbps over a 250-m UWOC is reduced to 3.4 x 10(-3) with the combined linear and ANN equalizer, which is below the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) limit. In contrast, the linear and Volterra equalizer-based systems achieve data rates of 500 Mbps and 750 Mbps, respectively. (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement