Comprehensive study on the potential environmental risk of temporal antibiotic usage through wastewater discharges

被引：20
作者：
Gracia-Marín E. [1 ]
Rico A. [2 ,3 ]
Fabregat-Safont D. [1 ,4 ]
López F.J. [1 ]
Hernández F. [1 ]
Pitarch E. [1 ]
Bijlsma L. [1 ]
机构：
[1] Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló
[2] IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid
[3] Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia
[4] Applied Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute - (IMIM), Barcelona
来源：
Chemosphere | 2024年 / 346卷
关键词：
Antibiotics; Environmental impact; Metabolites; Removal efficiency; Risk assessment; Sewage;
D O I：
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140587
中图分类号：
学科分类号：
摘要：
Antibiotic residues can reach aquatic ecosystems through urban wastewater discharges, posing an ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms and favoring the development of bacterial resistance. To assess the emission rate and hazardousness of these compounds, it is important to carry out periodic chemical monitoring campaigns that provide information regarding the actual performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the potential impact of the treated wastewater in the aquatic environment. In this study, 18 of the most widely consumed antibiotics in Spain were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in both influent (IWW) and effluent wastewater (EWW) samples collected over four seasons along 2021–2022. Eleven antibiotics were detected in EWW with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin showing the highest concentration levels (around 2 μg L−1 of azithromycin and 0.4 μg L−1 of quinolone compounds). Data showed that only 4 out of the 11 compounds were removed by more than 50 % in the WWTP, with sulfamethoxazole standing out with an average removal efficiency >80 %. The risk that treated water could pose to the aquatic environment was also assessed, with 6 compounds indicating a potential environmental risk by exceeding established ecotoxicological and resistance thresholds. Based on the risk assessment, the WWTP removal efficiency required to reduce such risk for antibiotics was estimated. In addition, pooled wastewater samples were screened by LC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation, searching for metabolites and transformation products of the antibiotics investigated to widen future research. Studies like this are crucial to map the impact of antibiotic pollution and to provide the basis for designing water quality and risk prevention monitoring programs. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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