Design strategies of electrocatalyst for improving durability and selectivity of seawater splitting

In regions rich in renewable energy but lacking freshwater, seawater electrolysis (SWS) presents a sustainable method for hydrogen production. However, challenges related to durability and selectivity arising from the complex composition of seawater pose significant obstacles to its large-scale application. Despite considerable efforts, a comprehensive overview and analysis of seawater electrolysis remain lacking. In this review, we provide valuable insights into the issues of selectivity and durability in SWS. We begin by summarizing the development and significance of SWS, followed by a detailed examination of the challenges associated with the selectivity and durability of SWS anode and cathode materials. We then discuss rational strategies for enhancing the selectivity and durability of catalysts/interfaces for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) through the general design standards of electrocatalysts. These strategies mainly prevent chloride ions (Cl-) interference or utilize Cl- and include surface electrostatic repulsion of Cl-, chemical blockage of Cl-, selective adsorption of Cl-, and also suppress of magnesium (Mg)/calcium (Ca) precipitate formation and adhesion. Finally, we outline and discuss future directions intended to advance the development of efficient, economical, and sustainable direct seawater electrolysis technology. © 2025