Precalcining in the Cement Industry - The State of the Art.

With the introduction of the new fuel and firing technological developments associated with the use of calciners in the 1970's, it became possible to vastly increase cement kiln capacity both in new plants and in the upgrading of existing ones. Other requirements of that period were the optimization of energy consumption, production management and operational reliability, as well as environmental protection. This article describes 28 different processes and calciner systems, some of which are adapted to predetermined parameters such as the raw material properties and the type of fuel that is to be used.