Main steps of the fiber optic transmission systems in Russia

The development of the fiber optic transmission systems in Russia is analysed. The first stage was to develop dielectric multicomponent fibers with small losses. The second, present stage is based on the use of fiber optical cables. The fiber optical transmission means significantly stimulated the creation of broadband networks for users. The complex introduction of fiber optical transmission means involves the improvement of switching devices. In this case, nonlinear and holographic optical devices are rather promising.