The results are given of an X-ray diffraction investigation of carbon-containing binders of different chemical natures and of compositions based on them in combination with VMN-3 carbon fiber after high-temperature treatment. A relationship has been established between the structural transformations of the organic binders during the high-temperature treatment and the properties of the carbon-carbon compositions based on them. The maximum strength characteristics are possessed by materials based on carbon fiber and nongraphitizing binders.