In order to clarify the optimum design condition of induction-hardened steel for surface durability, the rolling contact fatigue tests were conducted by using the induction-hardened rollers. The spalling cracks were generally formed at two positions beneath roller surface. This phenomenon and the result of surface durability could be explained by the amplitude of the ratio of orthogonal shear stress to Vickers hardness. The optimum induction-hardening depth for surface durability could be determined for various relative radii of curvature from the results of surface durability and of surface failure and from the calculation of the amplitude of the ratio of orthogonal shear stress to Vickers hardness.