Recent advances in the design of X-ray emission (fluorescence) spectrometers have made possible the direct and rapid determination of low levels of uranium in sediments, soils, and various rock types. When combined with simple resin concentration techniques, procedures utilizing this instrumentation also allow the rapid determination of nanogram amounts of uranium in surface waters, ground waters, and acid-leach solutions of geological samples. Detection limits and relative precision are a function of X-ray instrumentation, analytical counting time, and sample preparation, and these may be varied to fit the criteria dictated by different program strategies.