Under construction since October 2001, PetroChina Co. Ltd.'s West-to-East natural gas pipeline is moving toward a 2004 completion of the approximately 3,800 km, 1,016-mm (40-in.) mainline. This third and concluding article describes some of the major challenges and obstacles faced by the project and how they are being overcome. The pipeline route crosses topographical features that create major and unique construction challenges including three crossings of the Yellow River, a crossing of the Yangtze River, tunnel crossings of mountains, crossing of the vast loess plateau in central China, and crossing of waternet areas in eastern China.