The friction and wear properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites filled with nanocrystalline Al2O3 were evaluated with a MM-200 friction and wear tester. The worn surface of the composites were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the incorporation of Al2O3 into PTFE increases the wear resistance of PTFE but worsens the friction-reducing performance to some extent. The friction coefficient of the composites increase with the increasing of Al2O3 content. The best wear resistance of the composites is obtained at a mass fraction of Al2O3 of 10%. Al2O3 as the filler in PTFE leads to enhanced plastic deformation of PTFE matrix which subsequently increases the friction coefficient.