GIS-based optimum location selection for offshore wind energy: A case study for Turkey

Turkey, surrounded by the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, the Aegean Sea, and the Sea of Marmara, holds significant offshore wind energy potential. Unlocking this potential is critical for advancing Turkey's energy independence and sustainability goals. This study evaluates suitable locations for offshore wind power plants in Turkey's marine areas using two methodologies: A Boolean-based, and a weighted-based analysis employing the DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process. Both approaches integrated technical, environmental, social, and security criteria to identify restricted and suitable areas. The Boolean-based analysis indicated that 3.41% of Turkey's seas are suitable for OWPP installations. The weighted-based analysis refined these results by incorporating interdependencies among all restriction and evaluation criteria and assigning relative weights, resulting in 3.30% of the area classified as suitable and 0.02% as moderately suitable. Notably, the technically feasible capacity of these suitable areas corresponds to half of Turkey's current installed capacity, highlighting the significant potential of offshore wind energy, especially for floating wind turbine installations in deeper waters. Critical criteria influencing site suitability under Turkey's unique geographic conditions include the geological structure of the seabed, fishing areas, impact on tourism potential, and geopolitical concerns. The findings guide policymakers in advancing renewable energy goals and fostering sustainable energy development.