The effects of implant design, bone quality, and insertion process on primary stability of dental implants: an in-vitro study

The aim of this study was to analyse the maximum insertion torque (MIT) with respect to the implant thread face angle, bone quality and the insertion process. Two implants were designed and made: one with high face angle (HFA) and the other with low face angle (LFA). Bovine bones were classified, and then the MIT values of the implants were measured per round using standard protocol. Finally, three-way ANOVA was used to interpret the MIT values. For the main effects, MIT values (mean and standard error) of LFA (17.4 +/- 0.7 N cm) and HFA implants (20.8 +/- 0.7 N cm) were significantly different. The MIT values for the D4 (9.4 +/- 0.6 N cm), D3 (19.1 +/- 0.7 N cm), and D2 (28.8 +/- 1.1 N cm) bones were significantly different. Considering the higher primary stability as an essential provision for immediate load implants, it is recommended to use implants featured with higher thread face angles.