Energy-efficient building façades: A comprehensive review of innovative technologies and sustainable strategies

Increasing energy needs in urban environments demand necessary improvements in building designs toward energy efficiency, sustainability, and comfort. This review explores some of the state-of-the-art technologies and strategic approaches for energy-efficient fa & ccedil;ade design in buildings, such as adaptive, double-skin, and photovoltaic-integrated fa & ccedil;ades. The paper assesses recent innovations of smart material technologies that enable dynamic response of the fa & ccedil;ade to environmental conditions and enhancement of thermal performance to contribute toward Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) goals. Fa & ccedil;ade systems are reviewed according to their roles and impacts on reducing energy consumption, cutting carbon emissions, and improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ) significantly. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and future opportunities for integrating these systems in different climates and urban settings. The comprehensive assessment offers valuable insights for architects, engineers, and policymakers working to create sustainable, resilient, and energy-efficient buildings.