Biodiesel production from the transesterification of waste cooking oil via CaO/HAP/MnFe@K magnetic nanocatalyst derived from eggshells and chicken bones: Diesel engine and kinetic studies

This study focuses on the biodiesel generation from waste cooking oil (WCO) utilizing eggshells/chicken bones-derived magnetic nanocatalyst (CaO/HAp/MnFe@K). Various assessments were applied to demonstrate the CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst surface. These assessments showed that CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst has considerable catalytic attributes (e.g., highly crystalline, suitable surface area, and favorable porosity). The highest biodiesel efficiency employing CaO/HAp/MnFe@K magnetic nanocatalysts was 99.10 %, which was obtained at a molar proportion of 15.24:1, catalyst content of 2.97 wt%, reaction time of 175.72 min, and temperature of 67.72 degrees C (optimal conditions). Further, the reaction kinetics demonstrated that the transesterification of WCO in the attendance of CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst follows the pseudo-first-order model. Besides, the activation energy and exponential factor reflection reveal that the conversion of WCO to biodiesel is 41.51 kJ/mol and 1.66 x 10(5) min(-1), respectively. By adding WCO-derived biodiesel to diesel, the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) increases while the carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) amounts diminish. By boosting biodiesel in the fuel combination, the quantities of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increased while the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) amount decreased. Moreover, reusability of the CaO/HAp/MnFe@K nanocatalyst revealed that the magnetic particles were considerably stability.