Characteristics of flow passing over Hydrofoil Crested Stepped Spillway

A spillway comprises several sections, primarily the crest and chute, essential for safe water flow from an upstream reservoir to a downstream river. Incorporating a hydrofoil crest and stepped chute features creates an efficient Hydrofoil-Crested Stepped Spillway (HCSS). The hydraulic features of the 60 HCSS models, which were designed through the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) equation, are assessed through laboratory experiments under a skimming flow regime, where the five hydrofoil formation indexes (t), three numbers of steps (Ns), and four chute angles (theta) are of concern. The findings indicate that an escalation in the ratio of upstream depth (y(up)) to spillway height (P), correlates with a rise in the discharge coefficient (C-d) in HCSSs. Furthermore, augmenting the t effectively boosts the C-d value. On average, the C-d value of the crest at t = 1 surpasses that at t = 0.2 by 20 %. This increase in t accentuates the curvature of the spillway crest, thereby enhancing the curvature of streamlines and reducing the flow distance therein. The Energy Dissipation Ratio (EDR) of HCSS is influenced by factors such as t (positively correlated), Ns (positively correlated), and theta (negatively correlated). Optimal performance of the HCSS is observed at t = 1, where both the C-d and EDR reach their peak values.