SnO2-x/CD-MOF S-Scheme heterostructure photocatalysts synergized by oxygen vacancies and highly porous for rhodamine B and tetracycline degradation: Process, and mechanism analysis

To enhance the performance of environmentally friendly cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (CD-MOF) materials for more effective removal of organic pollutants and wastewater treatment, also the composites underwent optimization, and the adsorption-enhanced photocatalytic mechanism was thoroughly investigated. This study presents the synthesis of novel SnO2-x/CD-MOF (SCM) photocatalysts were prepared by a simple solvothermal method, which were characterized by oxygen vacancies (OVs), high specific surface area and heterojunction. SCM exhibited outstanding photodegradation performance for rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) when exposed to visible light. Specifically, the RhB removal efficiency was an impressive 93.5 %, achieved with a degradation rate constant of 0.0484 min(-1), while the removal efficiency of TC was 83.1 %, with a degradation rate constant of 0.0246 min(-1). The photodegradation activity of SCM was predominantly influenced by center dot O-2(-) , h(+), and center dot OH. The mechanism of action involves three phases: adsorption, photocatalysis, and desorption-diffusion. The exceptional performance of SCM in terms of photocatalysis can be gave the credit to the synergistic effect of the high specific surface area of gamma-CD-MOF and the oxygen vacancy-induced enhancement of SnO2-x catalytic activity. TC degradation intermediates and possible degradation pathways were analyzed and the toxicity of the intermediates was assessed. This study introduces a novel approach to designing CD-MOFbased photocatalysts.